Tobacco use among school children and adolescents is an increasing problem world-wide, particularly in the developing countries. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in six co-educational high schools in Kolkata, West Bengal among 526 students of 15-19 years to determine the prevalence of smoking and to find out any difference among the smokers and non-smokers regarding factors related to family relations, peer group and personal characteristics. The overall rate of smoking was found to be 29.6%, mean age of initiation of smoking was earlier in males. Among smokers 75% students started smoking by 15 years. Smoking of father and peer group, family conflict and pornography addiction were found to have significant association with smoking of students. Early school health based interventions addressing these factors might help in effectively tackling this problem.
Adolescent Behavior , Smoking/epidemiology , Smoking/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Exercise , Family , Female , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Humans , India/epidemiology , Male , Peer Group , Prevalence , Sex Factors , Sexual Behavior , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology
The authors report an 11-mo-old child presenting with acute onset appearance of large, erythematous, palpable purpuric lesions involving face, extremities and trunk. Skin biopsy from the margin of the lesions showed leukocytoclastic vasculitis suggesting a diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy. This rare type of cutaneous vasculitis, despite its grave presentation is a benign condition with self-limiting course.
Vasculitis, Leukocytoclastic, Cutaneous/pathology , Acute Disease , Edema/pathology , Humans , Infant , Male
We report a 12-year-old girl presenting with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) along with hypertensive emergency. Hypertension persisted for few weeks following recovery and subsided with oral clonidine. Although autonomic instability in ADEM has been reported before, hypertensive emergency was not previously documented as presenting feature of ADEM.
Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/diagnosis , Hypertensive Encephalopathy/drug therapy , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Clonidine/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/cerebrospinal fluid , Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated/physiopathology , Female , Humans , Hypertensive Encephalopathy/diagnosis , Prednisolone/administration & dosage , Prednisolone/analogs & derivatives , Severity of Illness Index , Treatment Outcome
PURPOSE: Detection of depression among adolescents in the primary care setting is of paramount importance, especially in resource-constrained countries such as India. This article discusses the diagnostic accuracy, reliability, and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) when pediatricians use it among Indian adolescents. METHODS: Pediatricians administered the PHQ-9 to 233 adolescent students aged 14-18 years, along with the Beck Depression Inventory. Our psychologist clinically diagnosed depression based on an International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, interview of participants. One month later, the PHQ-9 was readministered among students. We conducted appropriate analyses for validity and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS: A total of 31 students (13.3%) had a form of depression on psychiatric interview. A PHQ-9 score of ≥5 was ideal for screening (sensitivity, 87.1%; specificity, 79.7%). In addition to good content validity, PHQ-9 had good 1-month test-retest reliability (r = .875) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .835). There was high convergent validity with the Beck Depression Inventory (r = .76; p = .001). The concordance rate between the PHQ-9 threshold score of ≥10 and the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision based diagnosis was good (Cohen's κ = .62). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for PHQ-9 was .939. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 is a psychometrically sound screening tool for use by pediatricians in a primary care setting in India. Because it is a short, simple, easy to administer questionnaire, the PHQ-9 has tremendous potential in helping to tackle the growing problem of depression among adolescents in developing countries.
Depression/diagnosis , Mass Screening , Primary Health Care , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent , Area Under Curve , Depression/epidemiology , Female , Humans , India/epidemiology , Interview, Psychological , Male , Psychometrics , ROC Curve , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity
An 8-year-old girl presented with a low-grade fever and cough for 4 weeks and minimal physical findings. Chest radiograph demonstrated two giant hydatid cysts occupying two-thirds of each lung and another two cysts in the liver were detected by ultrasonography. The cysts were resected from both lungs and the liver under albendazole cover. She made a complete recovery.
Echinococcosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Echinococcosis, Pulmonary/pathology , Albendazole/administration & dosage , Anthelmintics/administration & dosage , Child , Echinococcosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Echinococcosis, Pulmonary/surgery , Female , Humans , Liver/diagnostic imaging , Liver/pathology , Liver/surgery , Lung/pathology , Radiography, Thoracic , Treatment Outcome , Ultrasonography
